Tools of the Old and New Stone Age essays

Apparatuses of the Old and New Stone Age articles Apparatuses of the Old and New Stone Age is a book composed by Jacques Bordaz, the Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Montreal. The book for the most part frets about the employments of antiquated devices, just as the assembling of these apparatuses. The book is brimming with data, nearly to a point were the peruser will feel hindered with realities as they read. Early individuals who examined the devices, of the Stone Age, first had the strange conviction that these apparatuses were made by lightning strikes. Many guaranteed they discovered such devices at precise areas were lightning struck. The instruments got known as Thunderstones. Afterward, early researchers renamed them ceraunias from the Greek word, keraunos, which means thunderclap. Obviously new proof has everything except vanquished these convictions. The timeframe this book is worried about is the, what geologists call the Quaternary time frame. It is separated into the Pleistocene, and Holocene. Archeologists characterize these periods into the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New Stone Age). The fundamental spotlight being on the Paleolithic is again separated into lower, center, and upper periods. Every single one of these divisions is portrayed by significant sorts of hardware chipping methods. The apparatuses of the Stone Age comprised of stone, yet in addition bone, tusk, and wood. Bone and prong were a harder material to work with; they frequently didn't utilize a lot of detail when forming apparatuses out of these materials. They were commonly generally formed, or customarily, there was no change utilized, particularly with sharp-pointed prongs, which made incredible weapons. The main capacity for man to really build apparatuses takes a gander at Bipedalism, which is the capacity to walk upstanding. This liberated the upper appendages from crafted by movement, leaving just the lower appendages for this. With the capacity to stroll on exclusively the lower appendages, it left the up... <!

Mold lab report Essay Example

Shape lab report Essay Example Shape lab report Paper Shape lab report Paper How does dampness influence shape on bread? Point In this lab I will examine how dampness influences the shape of bread. My examination question is along these lines: How does dampness influence shape on bread? I will plan 4 bits of bread with various dampness and take a gander at how it influences the form. Speculation think the wetter the bread is the more shape there will be. Be that as it may, I feel that on the off chance that I put a lot of water on it will start later or not. The form will develop more with more water since shape requires a clammy situation for the generation. I additionally expect that close to the end the dampness will arrive at its most significant level and won't develop any longer. Factors Dependent variable : my needy variable is the shape Independent variable : The dampness Controlled variable : The temperature, the sort of bread, the introduction to air and light. Materials 2 bits of bread A pipette Water A Petri dishes A sellable sack Method 1 . Get all the hardware and materials together. 2. Evacuate the outside of the bread and partition them in 4 even pieces. 3. Fill the Petri dish with 5 drops and plunge the main bit of bread in it. After you have done that placed the bit of bread in a pack. 5. Do this additionally with the 10 drops and 15 drops. 6. Check additional time you are in the lab how much shape there is and review it in millimeters squared. Results Day Dry, region of shape in mm 5 water drops, zone of form in mm 10 water drops, zone of shape in mm 15 water drops, zone of shape in mm 4 O mm 7 19 mm 9 mm 42 mm 11 mama mother mom 14 50 mm 170 mm 80 mm 260 mm determined every one of my outcomes with a ruler and mini-computer. More often than not the shape as exceptionally spread so I needed to quantify it and include it. The form had various shapes. On the off chance that it was a square or square shape duplicated the 2 sides with one another, If it was a triangle I did the base occasions the stature partitioned by 2, and in the event that it was around Multiplied pie by the squared range (n x re). End From my information I can see that there unquestionably is more form in the event that it has a higher dampness. The bread with the most dampness began developing first and the others began developing all simultaneously. The main contrast was that the one with he most shape became the quicker than the rest. It was additionally observable that the bread with 5 drops got more shape than the bread with 10, yet the one with 15 drops had the most. My clarification for this is, or I did the test not adequate ( possibly the water was not spread enough with the 10 drops), or that shape picks his own specific manner, and that it I eccentric where it precisely will develop. Inevitably my speculation didn't completely work out as expected, in light of the fact that none of bread reached its most elevated level of shape, so there was no part in the chart here a line smoothed. Assessment think my outcomes were sufficiently solid to finish up what I have closed, yet they are not exact. It was very difficult to precisely gauge how much shape there was on the bread, since you had 2 sides, and form likewise develops in within, I concluded that I wouldnt measure that in light of the fact that in is practically difficult to see. On the off chance that I would do this analysis once more, I would roll out some minor improvements. I would put the water on each bread on precisely the same spot to be as exact as could be expected under the circumstances. Additionally I would quantify the form more.

Early Morning Construction

Early Morning Construction Yesterday, I wrote to facilities complaining about the noise from the construction in the alley. Yesterday was also somewhat of an exception so I was not unduly harsh. The past week or so a dull thudding began at 8am sharp and continued for some hours into the day. Down the other end of the alley, they appeared to be drilling holes into the pavement and covering them up with metal plates. Which I didnt so much mind except that it kept me from sleeping with my windows open at night, this I did mind. Two days ago a bunch of kids pulled down a big branch from the tree outside my window. Said it was coming down anyhow and didnt want anyone to get crushed under it. Seeing how easily it came down Id say this was probably the case. I liked the path-of-the-hurricane look and watching people step around the downed branch. Of course, as I expected, there were some noise implications. Earlier than usual yesterday at 7am several very loud chain saws were used to dice the branch up. They did thei r work efficiently, by the time I woke up for the second time at 11am there was not more than a spattering of sawdust. So these were the events leading up to the noise complaint. The noise complaint itself looked like this: Construction in Back Alley Next to Bexley Dorm Hello, Im wondering how long this will go on for. The construction has begun at 8am for several consecutive days now and the noise is making it impossible to sleep as I live on the first floor with a window facing. I wonder if there is a chance that construction might start at 9 instead or I might get reassurance that the noise levels will decrease soon. Thanks Lulu Did they receive it? I wondered. They had not replied but surely I did not expect them to so quickly, that would be highly unusual and diligent. 24 hours pass. One day after my noise complaint. I wake up to a small earthquake. First, there was the usual machinery noise, so I reached up and pulled down my window and my shades, assured that I was in for another 3 hours of sleep. Yesterday, my best sleep happened in that last 3 hours, so yeah, Id say I was looking forward. But something was afoot. I first grew concerned at the sounds of what appeared to be an operation devoted to lifting up large boulders and dropping them on the ground. So I pulled back my blinds a bit and looked out. I saw maybe 6 hard hats standing around, one of those yellow huge claw arms, bricks on the ground, and a section of the brick wall outside my window missing. Ive never actually watched these guys work before. The bobcat parked outside my window yesterday is certainly being put to good use. The view has changed dramatically. I dont think they planned any of this out before they did it. At 9:30 the usual drilling and covering w/ metal plates started. It looked so wuss against the felled wall. Chunks of bricks looked like delicious chocolate bars. I took some pictures, sent a second email to facilities. Hello, They are knocking down the brick wall outside my window at 7:30 in the morning. The ground is shaking and my head is pounding and its a little exciting, but its so early and Im sorry, but, could you guys be ignoring my noise complaint more in any way? Thanks :( sorry to be whiny, but apparently this has been a problem at bexley all year. Lulu I cant say I was expecting much out of it, and I went about my terrible day that started at 7:30am after 3 hours of sleep. But really, sometimes, all you need to do is ask. Because within the day, I received 3 return emails, with information about the project itself, from facilities staff, from the head, with apologies and a change in construction time according to my requests. And, although some kids here are still complaining, cause waking up at 9am still blows, whatever, thats pretty cool. Its a compromise Im happy to make. lol, in other news: Yes Lulu, Well take care of it on Monday Original Message From: lulu liu Sent: Friday, July 04, 2008 4:13 PM To: Jonathan Nolan Subject: Light Cockroaches Mice Hello, My kitchen light is broken in suite 106, is there any way a bulb could be replaced? Also, Im not sure if three is a huge hole in my floorboards somewhere or under my bed or something but 2 days ago a mouse came out from under my bed and today a giant cockroach- the 2 inches long type, came crawling out in the same direction. Could that be looked at as well maybe? Thanks lulu The mouse I didnt so much mind but the cockroach was hairy and disgusting.

Dissociative Identity Disorder - 1678 Words

Dissociation is defined as â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity† (Grohol, 2016). The Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a severe condition in which two or more separate, distinct identities or personality states are present in an individual. In other words, a person has, what seems like, actual distinct and contrasting people in their head and these â€Å"alters† are able to take control of an individual’s mind and body at any time and act as a completely different individual. Each alter is capable of having its own set of likes, dislikes, talents, memories, and personal experiences. The alters’ usually have a specific name, age, gender and possibly race. According to Psychology Today (2014), the alters’ characteristics are typically very different from the primary identity, including their history, self-image, vocabulary, knowledge and predominant mood. The primary identity tends to be passive, dependent, guilty and depressed. A person with DID experiences extensive memory loss which is typically more extensive than what would be experienced by ordinary forgetfulness. For instance, if an alter were to take over, once the individual is back in control of his or her own body, they typically report not remembering anything that was done or said. Some individuals report feeling â€Å"familiar† with the conversations or experiences that were had by the alter, but as if they had only overheardShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any

Trial by Fire - 16438 Words

[pic] Trial by Fire Did Texas execute an innocent man? by David Grann September 7, 2009 [pic] Cameron Todd Willingham in his cell on death row, in 1994. He insisted upon his innocence in the deaths of his children and refused an offer to plead guilty in return for a life sentence. Photograph by Ken Light. Related Links Audio: Grann on the Texas execution that may change the death penalty debate. Video: David Grann discusses the flaws of the Cameron Todd Willingham investigation. Ask the Author: Live chat with Grann Wednesday, September 2 at 3 P.M. E.T. The fire moved quickly through the house, a one-story wood-frame structure in a working-class neighborhood of Corsicana, in northeast Texas. Flames†¦show more content†¦According to the medical examiner, they, too, died from smoke inhalation. News of the tragedy, which took place on December 23, 1991, spread through Corsicana. A small city fifty-five miles northeast of Waco, it had once been the center of Texas’s first oil boom, but many of the wells had since dried up, and more than a quarter of the city’s twenty thousand inhabitants had fallen into poverty. Several stores along the main street were shuttered, giving the place the feel of an abandoned outpost. Willingham and his wife, who was twenty-two years old, had virtually no money. Stacy worked in her brother’s bar, called Some Other Place, and Willingham, an unemployed auto mechanic, had been caring for the kids. The community took up a collection to help the Willinghams pay for funeral arrangements. Fire investigators, meanwhile, tried to determine the cause of the blaze. (Willingham gave authorities permission to search the house: â€Å"I know we might not ever know all the answers, but I’d just like to know why my babies were taken from me.†) Douglas Fogg, who was then the assistant fire chief in Corsicana, conducted the initial inspection. He was tall, with a crew cut, and his voice was raspy from years of inhaling smoke from fires and cigarettes. He had grown up in Corsicana and, after graduating from high school, in 1963, he had joined the Navy, serving as a medic in Vietnam, where he was wounded on four occasions.Show MoreRelatedTrial by Fire16445 Words   |  66 Pages[pic] Trial by Fire Did Texas execute an innocent man? by David Grann September 7, 2009 [pic] Cameron Todd Willingham in his cell on death row, in 1994. He insisted upon his innocence in the deaths of his children and refused an offer to plead guilty in return for a life sentence. Photograph by Ken Light. Related Links Audio: Grann on the Texas execution that may change the death penalty debate. Video: David Grann discusses the flaws of the Cameron Todd Willingham investigationRead MoreTrial By Fire, By David Grann2184 Words   |  9 Pagest commit? How can you prove your innocence if you’re found guilty? Unfortunately Cameron Todd Willingham fell victim to this irreversible verdict. According to David Grann in his 2009 article, Trial by Fire, in The New Yorker magazine, Willingham was executed in Texas in 2004 for allegedly setting a fire to his home in hopes to murder his three young daughters 13 years prior. From arrest to conviction, he had always declared his innocence, and the arson investigation used to convict Willingham wasRead MoreTrial By Fire : The Forging Of Modern Physics3319 Words   |  14 PagesTrial By Fire: The Forging of Modern Physics (DRAFT EDITION) Most often, great minds are few and far between. It is an unusual circumstance for a collection of brilliant thinkers to exist at the same time, and even more strange for them to collaborate or clash. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are a spectacular demonstration of this phenomenon. Throughout their careers in mathematics and physics, the two often found themselves at arms over everything from credit for discoveries to the natureRead MoreI Am The Paragon Of Test, Tribulation, And Trial By Fire1267 Words   |  6 PagesI am the paragon of test, tribulation, and trial by fire. Yet, I have not been broken†¦ A conversation after learning about the condemning words of a 1st grade teacher. â€Å"I do not understand your concern. Most children DO NOT start learning how to read until third grade. And he’s not even a gifted student,† said the principal to my mother. The principal’s remarks left my mother despondent. I vividly remember sitting in a class of 1st graders encamped around the teacher as she read; eager to learnRead MorePeople V. Atkins Case Brief Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesCalifornia 2. Year: 2001 3. Appellant Respondent: Atkins 4. Respondent Appellant: People of California 5. Charge: Arson to forest land, Arson to property, Unlawfully causing a fire forest, Misdemeanor unlawfully causing a fire of property 6. Issue on appeal: Have Atkins met the necessities of the arson which is identified by the trial court with reference to CALJIC No. 14.80? 7. Substantive Facts: †¢ The defendant said to his friends that because of he disliked Orville Figgs, he was thinking that he wouldRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Symbolism Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesIn Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the fire in chapter 8 symbolizes a form of prejudice as it burns down the snowman. A lot of the symbolism in this book stems from the prejudice taking place against the black population in Indiana. Some of this is issued when it snows for the first time since 1885. The children make a snowman out of leftover snow and some dirt. This represents the teamwork between the Finch family and the black community. The snow brings out the innocence of children.Read More Triangle: The Fire that Changed America Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagescrusaders† (Von Drehle 86). Even before it happen, the Forward predicted the terrible disaster of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory that occurred one year, one month, and seventeen days later (86). Triangle: The Fire th at Changed America, by David Von Drehle tells the story of the horrible fire. David Von Drehle is a journalist for The Washington Post. Von Drehle put a tremendous amount of work into writing Triangle. All of his work paid off because Von Drehle received many awards for Triangle. SomeRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: A Case Study908 Words   |  4 PagesVon Drehle (2004) outlines the Triangle Shirtwaist fire as a tragedy of the gilded age. The fire occurred in New York in 1911, and 146 people perished. The fire broke out in a shirtwaist or blouse factory in Greenwich Village. The workers inside, most of them Jewish women, worked in sweatshop conditions common to the industry at the time. They worked in the factory to support their families, and often had no other means of support. They had little or no say over their working conditions, whichRead MoreEssay on Kennedy V. State, 323 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. App. 1984)1600 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Kennedy v. State, 323 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. App. 1984) Facts: A fire was evolved on September 23, 1981 in a log cabin due to a hot plate. The hot plate was left on with an accelerant and kerosene near by. The owner of the cabin, Henry Xavier Kennedy was convicted of Arson as he obtained an insurance policy for $40K on the cabin five days prior to this fire and police found evidence that the construction business owned by Mr. Kennedy was losing money, and Mr. Kennedys alibi was insufficient toRead MoreEssay on What Really Happened in the Boston Massacre?915 Words   |  4 Pages This chapter provided information from the trial of Captain Thomas Preston. The chapter asked the question, â€Å"What really happened in the Boston Massacre†. Chapter four focused on the overall event of the Massacre and trying to determine if Captain Preston had given the order to fire at Boston citizens. The chapter provides background information and evidence from Preston’s trial to leave the reader answering the question the chapter presents. A lthough, after looking through all the witnesses’ testimonies

Sexual Attraction By Melville Is Not As Strong With...

Although the sexual attraction described by Melville is not as strong with Captain Fairfax Vere, the attraction is still heavily within the text. Melville uses much of the same innuendo with Vere as he does with Claggart in terms of their attraction to Billy Budd. He is described as having a â€Å"dreaminess of mood† (Melville 25). Yet again there is a descriptive phrase Melville uses that makes the reader question his sexuality. Melville writes, â€Å"But between you and me, don’t you think there is a queer streak of the pedantic running through him† (28)? Although Melville may not have intended the word â€Å"queer† to have a double connotation, but with today’s reading the word ‘queer’ is an umbrella term for homosexuality. But even without the double meaning, it makes the reader pay attention to Vere and since he is an over scrupulous man, the word makes his actions to maintain order, fit him. Since Vere is out of the ordinary in so me way, the reader will thus be more attentive to his behavior, just as they are with Claggart. Vere’s feelings towards Billy begin to become apparent after Claggart turns Billy in. Billy had, â€Å"naturally enough attracted the captain’s attention from the first† (Melville 63). Melville goes on to write that Vere saw Billy as, â€Å"a fine specimen of the genus homo, who in the nude might have posed for a statue of young Adam before the fall (63). Captain Vere thinks very highly of Billy, and has also imagined him nude. The handsome sailor invokes these feelings

Savion Glover Essay Paper Research Paper Example For Students

Savion Glover Essay Paper Research Paper Savion Glover is arguably one of the best tap dancers to grace the world of entertainment in decades. His unique style has stunned audiences for the past eighteen years and most likely will continue to do so for many years to come. It is incredibly humbling to think over the list of accomplishments that Savion has mastered in his mere thirty years. Although he has been taking the world of tap by storm for the past decade, he wouldnt be known today if it werent for taps originators. Although the art of tap dance is native to America, its roots are located in the percussive dance styles of African, English, Irish, and Scottish cultures. The styles contributed from the English, Irish, and Scottish were derived from their dancing as a form of entertainment. However, when the Africans were sold into slavery and brought to America, they were prohibited to communicate with each other and the use of drums and clapping was forbidden. Eventually, they developed a form of communication using syncopated tap rhythms, thus the birth of tap! (Encyclopedia. ) Eventually in 1829, slave dances were theatrically adapted in the first blackface minstrel show. Tommy Daddy Rice danced this historical performance. ask. com) A few years later, William Henry Lane, also known as Master Juba Lane,) was the first African American to become well known on minstrel stages. (google. com) In the late 1800s minstrel shows developed two techniques, a fast style of tapping using wooden shoes, and a smoother, leather-soled style made famous by George Primrose. After years of tap had been danced upon the minstrel stages, metal plates, or taps, were added to the leather-soled shoes in the l920s opening up a whole new window of opportunity for artistic creativity. About a decade later, in the 1930s, black dancers were finally aloud to contribute to the development of new styles of tap. ask. com) With this revolution, Bill Bo jangles Robinson evolved to become Americas most famous tap dancer in the 1930s. His legend still lives on in the movies he made with the child superstar, Shirley Temple. Proceeding Robinsons quicker style, John Bubbles Sublett popularized a slower, more syncopated style of tap dancing (ask. com) deeming him the inventor of rhythm tap. (google. om) Without these individuals to pave the way for todays artists such as Savion Glover, tap dancing may not exist let alone be where it is today. Savion Glover was born on November 17, 1973 in Newark, New Jersey. His mother created his name as a spin-off of the word savior. He lived his childhood sharing a home with his mother, two brothers, grandmother, his aunt and her nephew. Eventually, Savion showed interest in the drums but his mother instead enrolled him in jazz and ballet classes where he studied for four years. At the age of eight, he began tap dancing lessons. In classes he wore little brown and beige Tom McCann cowboy boots due to his mothers financial inability to afford proper tap shoes. As Savion grew, he continued intensely with his lessons as well as attending Newark Arts High School. This was the extent of Savions formal education. (tap. org) At the age of twelve, Savion made he Broadway debut in the title role in The Tap Dance Kid. (tap. org) As he proceeded to enter the world of tap, he worked with such inspirations as Honi Coles, Jimmy Slyde, and Gregory Hines who became Savions mentor. Hines was quoted in 1988 speaking of fourteen-year-old Savion saying, Savions the man! Hes the one who is going to take tap into the 90s and 2000s. (newsweek 67) Who knew Gregory Hines was not only a tap legend, but also a fortune teller! Following his Broadway debut in 1985, Savion then made his film debut t age thirteen in the movie, Tap! With Gregory Hines and Sammy Davis Jr. in 1989. (webfind. net) That same year, Savion was back on Broadway in Black Blue. Here Savion made history being the youngest to be nominated for a Tony Award for his performance in Black Blue. .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .postImageUrl , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:hover , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:visited , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:active { border:0!important; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:active , .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231 .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u010b57e217937798f6768063d8490231:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Colorado EssaySavions first nationally accredited award came in 1991 when he received the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Outstanding Youth Award. Three years after Black Blue in 1992, he was seen in Jellys Last Jam. The kid just couldnt stop! For the following three years, Savion appeared to be hiding from the Broadway spotlight seen hen as a series regular on Sesame Street (1990-1995). In the mean time he was furiously co-writing and choreographing his own show. Bring in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk, stomped onto Broadway in 1995 and has thrilled audiences ever since. The show covers every major era in African American History (New york times 1) and takes one on a tour of the past, present and future. (Noise/Funk show) My style is Funk. Savion says of himself, I feel like its one of my responsibilities to keep dance alive, to keep it out there, to keep the style. (imdb. com) 1996 may as well be known as, the year of Savion. Bring In Da Noise Bring in Da Funk brought Savion a Tony nomination for acting. He also won the Tony Award for best choreography for Noise/Funk. (ask. om) Savion also picked up two Obie Awards for his performance in this show (webfind. com) as well as two Fred Astaire Awards, and two Drama Desk Awards. (ask. com) As if these honors werent enough Mr. Glover proceeded to receive the Outer Critics Circle Award for best choreography, the Drama League Award for Distinguished Achievement in Musical Theater and was the youngest recipient of Dance Magazine Award for best choreography in the istory of their print. There is no doubt that the show was a master success. Bring in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk is presently on a US tour. I was lucky enough to see the show for myself and found it to be a phenomenally humbling experience. Words cannot explain the magic created on the stage that evening. It was such a tribute to Savion as a performer to draw such a diverse crowed. I entered the Wang Center and was seated beside a lady in an elegant evening gown to my left and a family that looked like they walked in off the projects to my right. However, everyone in the heater was equally appreciative of such a unique, talent-filled performance. There was nothing formal about the atmosphere. Everyone was relaxed and comfortable and occasionally some lady in the seventh row would shout out an Amen! or Halleluiah! (Noise/Funk Show) In 1997, Savion originated his own tap company, which he titled NYOTs, (not your ordinary tapers. ) This company has performed world wide, including a performance at the White House for President Clinton. Savion is a man of many talents. Although he has gained his notoriety through his tapping, he has also appeared in movies and even TV series! In 1998, Savion appeared on an episode of Sin City Spectacular as well as a 1999 episode of The Jamie Fox Show. (ask. com) Mr. Glover choreographed The Rat Pack, an HBO movie that first aired in 1998. That same year he was seen in The Wall, another HBO movie. The year 2000 didnt prove any rest for Savion either. He stared in the movie Bamboozled which not only kept him busy acting but choreographing as well. (tap. org) Savion was also seen performing at the closing ceremonies for the 2000 Winter Olympics. (New york times ) Where Savion finds the time for travel, I couldnt tell you. However he seems to make the rounds as he has performed in prestigious areas such as the Moulin Rouge, The Lincoln Center, and the White House among with many other venues. (ask. com) Along with his numerous Broadway, film, and TV credits, Savion was featured in Puff Daddy and the Familys video, All About the Benjamins. Also, he was featured in Kenny Gs Havanna video. Although I cant imagine Savion having any extra time on his hands, he has already written two books about his 30 years. .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .postImageUrl , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:hover , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:visited , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:active { border:0!important; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:active , .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03 .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9136e2263c5287d47c99328a31fab03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Progress EssayThe first was a photo- essay autobiography with Morrow Books. (ask. om) The second was his utobiography, which he co-wrote and entitled, Savion, My Life in Tap! (webfind. com) Savion is truly an inspiration to young and old alike. Even to those who couldnt muffle a shuffle ball change for their life, Savion has persevered through difficulties and fallowed his dreams despite the odds, which may be a motive for young and old alike. However, Savion hasnt let the bug of fame and fortune infect him. When it comes down to it, his needs are rather simple. As he was quoted saying during the Bring in Da Noise Bring in Da Funk performance, A dancers true mentality, is we need good wood.

To Kill a Mockingbird Journal Two Chapters 11-20 Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird Journal Two : Chapters 11-20 By: Saima Vedachhia "Who beat you up? Tom Robinson or your father ?"( Page 251). This is what Atticus question nineteen-year-old Mayella Ewell in court on the day of the trail. In my opinion, Mayella commits a very sinful act by laying false charges against Tom Robinson. The truth was that Bob Ewell had beat and raped his own daughter, Mayella Ewell. The Ewell's are known to be a very disgraceful, lazy and no educat ed family and have almost no reputation in Maycomb. Mayella accuses Tom Robinson of beating her up, raping her and taking advantage of her. But I feel that Mayella is actually the one taking advantage of Tom since he is a person of colour. In court, Mayella is asked a series of questions by both the lawyers, but it seems that all of her answers are similar everything her father says. It almost seems that she was forced to say what her father told her to say or she would have to face the consequences . When she is asked questions about her fath er, she hesitates and looks at her father before answering the question. This is a sign of lying under oath. This can help us understand how Bob Ewell keeps Mayella under his control and makes her do whatever he wants. When Mayella is asked about the incident, she says that she had called over Tom Robinson to help her break an old dresser. Tom was a nice guy and never did anything to Ewell's but Mayella decided to blame him for her father's actions. Although Mayella tries her best not to give any hint of her father beating her, she gets trapped in one of Atticus's questions. Atticus asks Mayella if her father treats her with love and she replies "He does tollable (tolerable), cept when -" ( Page 245) and then stops. Atticus later points out that she was trying to say he is okay except when he is drunk. The words almost slipped out of Mayella's mouth, but she quickly stops herself before she gets herself into any more trouble with her father. M ayella is simply afraid of facing her father face to face and as follow blames his actions on an innocent person. Mayella had bruises on the right side of her face, which shows that someone who is left-handed is more likely to hit that side. Bob Ewell is left-handed, and Tom Robinson does not even have a left hand, in this case, it is obvious that it was Bob is the one that beat Mayella , not Tom. Mayella's statement constantly changes and this is another sign that proves that Tom didn't commit the crime. Mayella seems desperately immature for a nineteen-year-old and her whiny attitude suggest that she just wants to try to gain pity as a rape victim. Mayella Ewell is simply lying under oath because she doesn't want her father to be guilty. It is very sad and shameful that she takes advantage of an innocent person because she knows that he is unable to do anything about it because he's a man of colour. Tom did not do anything wrong to Mayella , instead, he w as trying to help her. Therefore, Mayella's actions and Atticus points prove that it was Bob Ewell who had committed the crime, not Tom Robinson. Bob Ewell is a cruelly a racist man, makes various racial comments during the trial. This makes it clear as to why he would accuse Tom of his own wrong-doings. Although Mayella being abused, lonely and unhappy is quite pitiful, we cannot overlook and cannot pardon her for her shameful charges over Tom Robinson. This makes really disappointed because in Maycomb it's mixed, but the blacks and whites don't live near each other. But they can oversee that the fact a black m an word can dishonest a white man's word.

Dealing With Stress essays

Dealing With Stress essays Stress is a word many people can relate to, either through school, traffic, or work. It is an everyday thing everyone has to deal with no matter who he or she might be. Ultimately, if not properly dealt with, stress may in some extreme cases, even lead to death. Stress can be dealt with in various ways. If not dealt with in a positive matter, stress will lead to negative results. Therefore, the way we deal with stress is the main factor in getting rid of it. The word school, in itself, entails many worries. Some of those worries include grades, assignments, but most importantly financial debt. For example, studying for chemistry and calculus midterms all in the same week can really put a burden on a student. On top of the stress the class gives students, they know they're at least 300 dollars in debt for the class regardless of their final grade. Many deal with these problems in the wrong way. They get frustrated and start to believe they are wasting their time, and most importantly their money. A student dealing with this sort of situation may actually go as far as to consider dropping out of school. A positive way of dealing with this school related stress is to utilize money and time wisely by setting a schedule. An example of such a schedule may be prioritizing schoolwork and then putting extra-curricular activities where and if time allows. Another positive way of dealing with the pressures from school would be to listen to music right before class to relax and even give some motivation for the upcoming class. Moreover, another type of stress is road rage. Having encountered and been under the influence of road rage myself, I can say that traffic can really stress a person out. Imaging cutting someone off by accident and then he or she comes along and deliberately uses his or her vehicle as a weapon. Then there are those that just have to scream out obscenities and make obscene gestures. ...

Slip and Fall Suits against Petsmart,Inc Research Paper

Slip and Fall Suits against Petsmart,Inc - Research Paper Example Since its existence; the company provides a broad range of pet products, pet food, and offers complete pet boarding, training, grooming, adoption services, and doggie day camp. Petsmart has more than 1, 107 stores in the United States, and Canada, and 132 stores with pet supplies and pet care information. Petsmart opened its first stores in 1987 in the Phoenix under the name Pet Food Warehouse. As the company progressed, the logo and the name changed to Petsmart. The company provides homes for the homeless pets, supply pets products, and offer adequate training on pet grooming. In 2005, the company declared that the purpose for rebranding its name to Petsmart was to emphasize its evolution from the pet supply store to the solution-oriented business. Indeed, the company continues to offer pet assistance and adoption centers, creating a platform to comprehend pet care information. The company has diligently worked to offer pet solution, which, in turn, has boosted the company sales and revenues. Since 1987, there has been a 10% increase of the average client spending per month, which has increased the company’s revenues and sales. As mentioned earlier, the company has created a platform for the community to acquire benefits that emerge from using its products. Studies show that most homes can now understand pet grooming through adequate training that the company offers (Bark & Clark, 2011). Indeed, pets and dogs grow smarter each year with the support of accredited training instructor. The company ensures that pets are well behaved and happy thus, solving problems that emerge from disobedience. Founded in 1986; Petsmart opened the first two stores in 1987 and in 1989, the logo, and name changed from Pet Food to the Petsmart. In 1994, the company formed a non-profit organization that provides homes for the homeless pets. Indeed, Petsmart is a solution-oriented company that offers pet products and services to approximately 1,160 stores, and many offer veteri nary services. The company distributes pet supplies and a wide variety of services such as pet training and grooming. The company has significantly helped the community with basic information required to maintain a suitable pet environment. Instead of selling cats, rabbits, dogs, and other animals in the store, the company offers a space to the local rescue groups and donates litter, food, and other essential pet supplies. In each adoption, the company gives each guardian a book that offers basic information about pet care and its suitable products. Since 2004, the company has served more than 100,000 pets as it extends its services online in pets.com. As a result, many can access the company’s products and communicate with pets’ expertise on how to care for pets. How liability suits affect the Petsmart and the community as whole In respond to this, one should comprehend the concept of business ethics. Usually, business ethics entails three things: to avoid violating t he criminal law in a work related activity, evade actions that may attribute in civil law suits against the business, and avoid actions that disrupt the company’s image. According to Datamonitor Firm (2000), companies are concerned with these things since they may lead to loss of money and ruin company’s reputation. Datamonitor Firm continues to argue that, in theory, a company could address the three concerns by assigning public relations and corporate attorneys to obligate employees to perform their duties effectively. Indeed, the strong version of the profit approach demands strategies that morally augment a morally upright environment, which failure affects the business

Accuracy and Automation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Accuracy and Automation - Essay Example First, subtraction of one digit numbers without the need of â€Å"borrowing† should be taught. Next, subtraction of two digit numbers with and without borrowing can be incorporated. It is highly recommended to use drawings such as shapes or toys to help the child visualize how subtraction is done and to understand the concept of transfer and deduction. Some educational psychologists found that among Grade I and II pupils, computerized educational toys with immediate reinforcement improved their performance in Spelling and Arithmetic. The pupils who were exposed to conventional toys and who were not reinforced did not improve in their performance. Learning occurs with constant correct practice. The drill method is based on the law of exercise. However, correct practice or exercise in itself does not result in learning. There are other factors that interact with exercise. For example, studies show that practice or exercise without knowing the reasons for practicing or exercising does not improve learning. Similarly, if the learner does not know how accurate he is in the exercise, performance does not improve. This non-improvement indicates that he is not learning. To enhance learning, exercise should not be done blindly. Learners must know the reasons for an exercise and for everything they do. At the same time, they should be given feedbacks on how well they perform in their activities and efforts. Thorndike’s law of exercise may be better understood when seen with his trial-and-error concept. To him, all learning involves trial-and error. In the trials, the learner generally acquires certain responses while eliminating others. Rewarded responses are acquired and â€Å"kept† while those that are punished are eliminated. Repetition is also a key to successful learning of children especially with math concepts. In order to master the processes

Should Constitutions be Written?

Should Constitutions be Written? Constitutions should be written. Discuss. Choose one country with a case law system and one with a civil law system and discuss the advantages of each. ANSWER 1. Introduction A constitution can be defined as a system or framework which enshrines the principles and rules by which a body is governed. In the context of states the term makes reference specifically to the national constitution of the state, which serves to define the fundamental political principles, the legal environment and modus operandi of the state and which establishes the duties and powers of the government of the state.[1] National constitutions can be classified as either codified or uncodified. Codified constitutions are those which are contained in a single document, containing the single source of the constitutional law of a state, and perhaps the most well known example is the Constitution of the United States.[2] Uncodified constitutions are those which are not contained in a single document, but consist instead of several different sources, which can be written or unwritten.. It should be noted that there are hybrid systems which seem to fall between the two classes such as the Australian Constitution[3], in which constitutional law largely derives from a single written document, but other written documents are also considered part of the constitution[4]. Probably the best example of a pure uncodified constitution is the constitution of the United Kingdom which does not rely on any single written fundamental document, but rather consists of a patchwork of written and unwritten sources. The term written constitution makes reference to a constitution which is entirely written and by definition this would include every codified constitution. Indeed, in academic writing the term written constitution is synonymous with codified constitution, and in similar fashion the term unwritten constitution is interchangeable with uncodified constitution (although as stated this is not always entirely accurate: see Australian constitution). In the modern world, codification is the norm. Most states have evolved written constitutions which stand as the supreme and overarching statements of national law. Unwritten constitutions are certainly in the minority, but it is submitted at the outset that this should not be taken as proof that a written constitution is a prerequisite to success or stability. 2. A Common Law System: England The United Kingdom is notable in that it operates under an unwritten constitution, although this term has been criticised by commentators such as Bogdanor as a â€Å"misleading platitude†[5]. In this paper we will confine ourselves to an examination of the legal system of England and Wales, within the United Kingdom, because the Scottish legal system derives from Roman Law a very different legal heritage and tradition.[6] The modern English system of law can be traced back to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Norman kings, while promising to respect local rights and customs, dispatched judges to travel around the country on circuits and these judges gradually began following each other’s decisions to preserve the consistency of the application of law in different parts of the country. This practice became formalised and is today known as the doctrine of judicial precedent. This doctrine was extremely successful in underpinning the English common law system (ie a law common to all parts of the kingdom). One advantage of this uncodified model is that it is free to grow and develop organically to suit the changing environment it must regulate something which is more difficult when one is bound by a rigid set of general principles such as that which would underpin a fully written system. As the Parliament at Westminster fully established itself and grew in power and authority over the Monarch it took its place alongside the common law. Together, the common law and Parliamentary legislation came to offer a coherent and comprehensive system of law, which has matured and refined itself over centuries of stable government. It can be argued that an unwritten system puts its faith in untrammelled democratic process and in those charged with its maintenance. There are, it is submitted, obvious risks attached to this strategy, but in simple terms England has never found the need to adopt an overlaying written constitution, because of the strength and scope of its existing system. However, this is not to say that the English ‘constitution’ is entirely unwritten. Aspects of constitutional-style law are evident in venerable statutes such as the 1215 Magna Carta,[7] the 1689 Bill of Rights[8], the 1701 Act of Settlement[9] and the 1911 and 1949 Parliament Acts.[10] More recently the United Kingdom has adopted quasi-constitutional law in piecemeal fashion by means of the European Communities Act 1972, which provides the legal framework necessary for the country’s membership of the European Union, and the Human Rights Act 1998, which imports the rights and freedoms enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights into UK law, conferring those rights on citizens of the United Kingdom. This means that the English system achieves an effect equivalent to that which is delivered by a written constitution without the formality of the latter model and therefore some of the advantages of written systems are to some extent rendered nugatory. That sai d, the principle that stands at the very heart of the English legal system and overrides all other provisions and considerations cannot be found set out in any of these documents. The highest rule of UK law, which has the potential to override any principle of a constitutional or quasi-constitutional nature, is the Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. This unwritten rule declares that the Parliament of the United Kingdom enjoys full and unchallengeable sovereignty in all its actions. In practice, this means that the Parliament of the day (namely the House of Lords the House of Commons, and the Monarch acting together)[11] has supreme authority over all aspects of English governance and all other institutions of the state, including the courts and other executive bodies. This ensures that the situation in England differs with that which prevails in many states operating under codified or written constitutions, where supreme courts are often empowered to strike down legislation deemed to be unconstitutional in nature.[12] The Constitution of the United States’ is one example of such a system and the so-called â€Å"checks and balances† it employs to safeguard the integrity of the constitution and the governance of the state are much cherished.. In the English system, given that Parliamentary supremacy is unquestioned, although complex procedures for judicial review are in place, by which courts can review and challenge laws considered defective in some way, the final word is left to Parliament itself. In the Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885)[13] Dicey : â€Å"Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.† This is the most important law of the English legal system and it is this rule above all which explains the country’s lack of a written constitution. As a direct consequence of the application of this principle the UK Parliament has the power to make, amend and revoke law on any issue at any time. No Parliament has the power to bind a successor Parliament to its will, meaning that no Parliament could enact a so-called constitutional law which could not later be repealed or amended by some future Parliament as easily as any other piece of legislation. Moreover, the only body with the ultimate power to vary a law brought into force by the UK Parliament is Parliament itself. This gives the English system considerable flexibility and adaptability, and this is clearly and advantage. However, given that the system relies exclusively on the integrity of Parliament, its success is predicated on a fluctuating democratic mechanism. To date, the United Kingdom has enjoyed good and stable government and its citizens have not expressed any cogent desire for the protection of a written constitution.. However, that is not to say that at some point in the future the â€Å"checks and balances† and clarity typically provided by a written constitution might prove useful. 3. A Civil Law System: France The French legal system is a good example of a civil law system operating under a written constitution. The current Constitution of France, which is known as the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, was adopted in 1958.[14] It has been amended on various occasions, most recently in 2003. The French model is particularly interesting as it was used as a template for the foundation treaties of the European Economic Community, which has now evolved to become the European Union, which itself is now seeking to establish its own written constitution.[15] National legal systems characterised as Civilian are those which see their origins in the model of governance adopted in ancient Rome by the Emperor Justinian (sometimes known as Roman law systems). Civil law systems are systematic (based on an organised code of conceived principle) and inductive (where a specific ruling is induced from a general first-principle) as opposed to Common law systems which are empirical (based on a bank of actual cases) and deductive (where a general principle is deduced from a specific instance or series of instances). As to which system is to be preferred, both give rise to a variety of advantages and disadvantages and both have the potential to provide a state with a fair and effective system of government. Codified or written systems are always of the Civil school, given that a code of law is a prerequisite of that legal tradition, and consequently common law or case law systems are far better suited to an uncodified or unwritten constitutional arrangement. In very general terms the advantages of written systems of law such as the French system are those of certainty, consistency, clarity and stability, while its main disadvantage is rigidity. Unwritten case law systems benefit from being more fluid and adaptable and assuming this flexibility is not abused an uncodified model can be extremely successful. The main disadvantages of case law systems are that it is more difficult to predict the law’s response to new situations, and that the fundamental guiding principles of the legal system are harder to identify. The preamble of the French constitution refers to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. As such it establishes the identity of the French state as a democratic secular republic which derives its sovereignty from the people of France. This gives the French constitution a clear mandate and provides it with a strong foundation, something which is lacking in unwritten, uncodified systems such as the English. This may be construed as an advantage, given law is an amorphous concept which can benefit from grounding in any context, but unless the authority of law is subject to challenge the advantage is theoretical only and the people of England appear satisfied to adhere to the law without such conceptual underpinning.. A written constitution such as the French offers a â€Å"one-stop shop† for provisions relating to the election of the President of France and the French Parliament.. It also sets down mechanisms for the appointment and selection of the Government of France, and specifically details the powers of each of these bodies and the relations between them. The French constitution also guaranteed the autonomy and authority of the judiciary and establishes the Constitutional Council, the High Court of Justice, and an Economic and Social Council. This is a clearly useful, and probably stands as an advantage over the English system, where such matters are dealt with in piecemeal fashion and without the simplicity and some might say methodological strength of an written system. When dispute arises in the French system there is therefore one and one only sovereign authority to turn to for guidance and this may prove beneficial in its resolution. In rebuttal, those defending the unwritten En glish system can point to many states which operate under a written constitution which suffer considerably more administrative difficulties and enjoy significantly less stability than it does. The maxim â€Å"if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it† appears to suit the English experience and explains the reluctance or at least ambivalence of English government and people in this context. The French constitution also provides for a politically strong President and this could be seen as another advantage, although again it is hard to argue that the British Prime Minister is prejudiced by the fact that his role is not similarly enshrined.. The French constitution also permits the ratification of international treaties such as those necessary for membership of the United Nations and European Union.. However, this is not necessarily an advantage. It is submitted that in modern times the trend has been towards greater and deeper international association. It could be argued that national written constitutions have the potential to frustrate international integration given that the international association may also wish to establish a sovereign constitution and that there will inevitably be conflict between the two sets of laws. There are tensions, for example, between the French constitution and the constitution which has been proposed for the European Union, and even with existing provisions of EU law. It can thus be contended that the English unwritten system is more adaptable to assimilation with an international body incorporating its own constitutional framework. Moreover written constitutions can be bypassed something done by French President Charles de Gaulle in highly controversial circumstances in 1962,[16] and this can leave a new law in a state of limbo. 4. Concluding Comments In summary, it is submitted that perhaps the most obvious advantage of a codified or written constitution is that it provides coherent, comprehensive and certain body of rules.. Being contained in a single document a codified constitution is accessible to all and can, if well crafted, establish an equitable and effective system of governance and rights. Written constitutions also promote consistency and concrete points of reference for law which can be applied to shape a legal system’s response to changing conditions within a state. That said however, written constitutions which become entrenched may suffer from rigidity and it is flexibility that perhaps stands as the greatest advantage of the unwritten, uncodified system operated in the United Kingdom. It is true that constitutional courts may offer a wide range of interpretations of constitutional principles under a written system, but it is not possible to lend a codified system that flexibility and adaptability enjoyed by an unwritten one. The title to this work asserts that â€Å"constitutions should be written†. It has been shown that this is not necessarily the case, given that states can function successfully and for long periods of time without the foundations of a codified or written constitutional framework. A good example is that of the United Kingdom itself, which is one of the most stable and successful democracies in the world, and which has grown to become such without being underpinned by a written constitutional document. While it has been suggested that the United Kingdom adopts a written constitution there appears to be no urgent pressure or compelling need to make the change. Therefore, while it is acknowledged that most states around the world have adopted a codified constitution this commentator contends that the statement under review should be subject to the caveat that states do not require to make reference to such a system of law as a prerequisite to effective government or a robust and e quitable society. The fact that a constitution is unwritten does not necessarily undermine the integrity of a national legal system, as the relative success of the United Kingdom and such countries as New Zealand and Israel testifies. There are, has been noted, risks attached to an unwritten system which puts its faith exclusively in the democratic process. However, in closing it is worth noting that there are also risks attached to written systems bound to overarching constitutions, because those constitutions can be abused or manipulated in a way that can deliver excessive power and authority. A constitution is, after all, only as good as the words that comprise it. Ironically, the elliptical doctrinal patchwork of an unwritten system can frustrate the intentions of nascent dictatorial ambition. In conclusion it is undeniably true that the great majority of states have chosen the certainty and clarity of a written system, but that is by no means the only way to run a country well. THE END WORD COUNT : 2808 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Bradley and K. Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2003) Longman Wikipedia (various sources): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States JF McEldowney, Public Law, (2002) Sweet Maxwell P. Spink and N. Busby et al, Scots Law, (2003) LexisNexis Albert Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): http://www..constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm. 1 Footnotes [1] For an insightful overview see: A. Bradley and K. Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 13th ed., (2003) Longman, chapter 1. [2] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States. [3] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia. [4] In the Constitution of Australia, most fundamental political principles and regulations regarding the relationship between branches of government, and regarding the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. However, the existence of statutes with constitutional significance, namely the Statute of Westminster, as adopted by the Commonwealth in the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and the Australia Act 1986 means that Australias constitution is not incorporated in a single constitutional document. [5] See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/88136.stm. [6] See P. Spink and N. Busby et al, Scots Law, (2003) LexisNexis, chapter 1. [7] See: http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation.html [8] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights. [9] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement. [10] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Parliament_Acts. [11] Although the participation of the Crown is essentially ceremonial and formal only. [12] See: http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution..html. [13] Albert Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): http://www.constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm. [14] Which replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. [15] Ironically this plan has been frustrated by a negative referendum vote in France itself. [16] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France.

Suicide In Jails :: essays research papers

Suicide In Jails The United States is plagued by a countless number of social dilemmas. Although not in constant public scrutiny, suicide is a serious problem which has seemed to have lost importance. When suicide is coupled with arrest and incarceration it becomes an increasingly complex situation. In fact, research indicates that the jail suicide rate ranges from 2.5 to 13 times greater than the rate of the general population (Winkler 1992). Motivation, prediction, and prevention of suicidal behavior are grossly unclear, which only adds to the already existing complexity. Many factors involved with arrest and incarceration only serve as a catalyst of suicidal tendencies. Suicide is the primary cause of death in this country's jails. In 1986 there were 401 successful [jail] suicides (Winkler 19992). There are many general assumptions made in regard to suicide. Most believe suicide to be caused by mental illness such as major depression or bipolar disorder. Another belief is that the emotional escalation leading to action takes place over a long period of time. Such is not the case in jail suicides. Much of the research shows that "of all [jail] suicides occur within the first twenty four hours of incarceration, and an overwhelming number of these take place in the first three hours of isolation which is referred to as the â€Å"crisis period" (Hess 1987). The crisis period is reflective of arrest and incarceration as producing extreme confusion, fear, and anxiety. The crisis period is also the result of isolation. Isolation causes an individual to lose all social support systems. Placing an individual in isolation may be a form of protection, but this gives the individual an opportunity to concentrate on feelings of hopelessness (Winkler 1992). Hopelessness can be defined as the presence of despair and negative feelings about the future (Shneidman 1987).Isolation can also produce a severe threat to those inmates who have difficulty with coping abilities as this only encourages future deterioration. Undoubtedly, isolation is often necessary to contain a person, or to prevent injury to the individual and, or other inmates. Individuals who are experiencing obvious mental stress should certainly not be held in isolation for obvious reasons. According to Hess (1983),many facilities have regulations which state,â€Å"The action taken must be responsible under the circumstances and represent a good- faith judgment that the action was the least restrictive alternative available.† Regulations such as this not only serve as a guideline for officers, but as a preventive measure against legal action as a result of isolation. Aside from these emotional factors of the physical environment which are impetus of suicidal attempts. Isolation cells more often than not tend to have poor

How Each Piece of Legislation Will Influence Working Practices in the Setting? Essay

The Children Act 1989 has influenced setting by bringing together several sets of guidance and provided the foundation for many of the standards practitioners adhere to and maintain when working with children. The Act requires that settings work together in the best interests of the child and that they form partnerships with parents and carers. It requires settings to have an appropriate adult: child ratios and policies and procedures on child protection. This Act has an influence in all areas of practice within setting. For example; planning. 2. ) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995)- The DDA states: â€Å"settings are required to make reasonable adjustments by either changing policy, providing alternative ways to access a provision, or by addressing physical features which make a service impossible or unreasonably difficult for disabled people to use. † (www. hse. gov. uk/disability/law. htm) This means that settings must make their provision more accessible. For example; by having downstairs toilets, wider doors and ramps to the front doors. . ) Children Act 2004 – This Act was introduced as a result of the death of Victoria Climbie and was the introduction of ‘Every Child Matters’ which ensures the wellbeing of children through its five outcomes. The Every Child Matters framework has influenced settings by giving them and other childcare settings a duty to find new ways of working together by sharing information and working co-operatively to protect children from harm. 4. ) Human Rights Act 2000 – This Act has had a huge impact in current legislation in the UK. Under the Act it was agreed that children would have the same rights as adults which means children have the right to dignity, respect and fairness in the way that they are treated. In terms of working with children the articles that relates to this Act are Article 8 which is about the right to privacy, Article 10 the right to freedom of expression and Article 14 discrimination. This legislation has also affected the main principles which underpin working with children. 5. ) Race Relations Act 1976 – The Race Relations Act 1976 aims to express ethnic discrimination. In 2000 there was an amendment to the Race Relations Act which reinforced some of the necessities of the earlier legislation and make settings work towards racial equality. In practice this means that a setting must be alert on how they promote their service, recruit staff and make the provision accessible to all. Following the Act, â€Å"the Commission for Racial Equality was established in order to help enforce the act, and also to advise the Government and others on issues concerning it.

My Personal Narrative Of My Life - 1286 Words

My personal Narrative The date was October 8, 2014, 2 days after my birthday. One of the realest quotes I heard was â€Å"Don’t trust a soul† and i should have listened. It started out as any other day, mom was mad me for one reason or another, dad was sitting on the couch like always playing the â€Å"Call of Duty†. I was a Saturday so of course I tried to sleep in but my dad love playing his game with the sound on high it really out under my skin. Think about it you re sleeping in your bed and all of a sudden you hear â€Å"POW! POW! POW!† you’re going to get pretty irritated but i was use to it. Anyways my dad had no job and if you saw him he was either over his friends house, sleep, arguing with my mom or smoking stuff I shouldn t say right now. My†¦show more content†¦I didn t find it weird or strange that that one friend didn t text me, I figured she was probably busy. That friend name was Kim. Kim was one of those that told her honest opinion about everyt hing and get got really irritating. Anyways as I was laying down my phone lit up which meant I got a Snapchat message. It was Kim, I assumed that she was probably going to say something like â€Å"Stop laying there and get up and take some medicine† so I wait a little to read it. When I finally read my whole mood changed she said â€Å"I don t care that you hate me me because honestly I feel like your fake†Ã¢â‚¬  I am clearly annoyed because nothing I was feeling was because of her or direct towards her. But my nose cringed at the word â€Å"fake†. Me and Kim had a history she had a smart mouth so nobody really liked her so I was really her only friend. I lost friends because they didn t want me to be friends with her and stuff like that. Anyways I was far from â€Å"fake†. I.texted her and said â€Å"Wait one minute Kim how in the world am I fake† she goes on to say â€Å" You don t talk to me how you talk to your other friends and I don t need you to be my friend i’m not being you too† at this point I am heated because that was a lie but if I did it was because she was acting like a butt. I took the intuitive to call her and get to the bottom of.it. The conversation starts out going sensitive and intense until it was my turn to talk she kept screaming â€Å"fake fake fake† so I started getting loudShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1261 Words   |  6 PagesThis will be a long personal narrative about my current stressful life. Before, I came down to the University of Georgia to work with the football team my life back in East Lansing, Michigan was quite peaceful. 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Investing In Liquid Or Non Liquid Assets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5465 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1: Liquidity was found to be one of the most important unresolved problems in the field of corporate finance (Brealy and Myers, 1996). In addition, the same studies found that the liquidity management was the pinpoint of determining both future investment opportunities and future capacity of external borrowing. Firms, in general, invested in the most liquid assets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investing In Liquid Or Non Liquid Assets" essay for you Create order Liquid assets made up a considerable segment of total capital or assets and had the more important implications for the risk and profitability of firms (John, 1993). For instance, according to Kim, Mauer, and Sherman (1998), the average ratio of cash plus marketable securities to total assets (Liquidity) was 8.1% during the period of 1975 to 1994 of a sample of 915 industrial firms of the United States of America. Kim et al. (1998) analyzed both the costs and benefits of holding the liquid assets and concluded that the investment in liquid assets (e.g., Treasury Securities) was more costly because by investing in liquid assets, the firms accepted opportunity cost of investing in less liquid and more rewarding assets; furthermore, the firms also bear transaction costs of trading financial securities. But firms managed significant and predictable amounts of excess liquid asset holdings because of the capital market imperfections provided a strong logic to maintain some excess liquidity to tackle some emergencies. Huberman (1984), Ang (1991), and Myers and Rajan (1995) had noted that liquid assets might prompt more severe agency problems than less liquid assets. Specifically, if and only if the external financing was costly, the investment in liquid assets was the most advantageous reply to having to seek costly external financing to fund future production needs or investment opportunities and the costs of external financing included the direct expense to issue securities, the costs arising from potential agency conflicts, and costs arising from the adverse selection problems attributable to asymmetric information (Smith, 1986). Thus, investment in surplus liquidity can be viewed as a cost-effectively rational way to reduce the firms reliance on costly external financing. Obviously, any such remuneration must be balanced against the holding costs that liquid assets force on the firm. Liquid assets earned a low rate of return as compared to the less liquid asset s. However, the firms despite decided to hold a positive amount of liquid assets provided undecided future in-house funds and costly external financing. Hence, it was concluded that there was a tradeoff between the holding cost of liquid assets (a low rate of return) and the benefit of minimizing the need to seek costly external financing if internally generated funds were insufficient to finance future investment opportunities. According to Horne and Bowers (1968), liquidity can be expressed as the ability to realize value in an accepted means of exchange. Being the acceptable means of exchange, money was the most liquid asset and was also a benchmark against which the value of other type of monetary assets was compared as to its degree of replacement. In addition, liquidity had two dimensions: the one was the time required to convert the asset into money, and the other was the certainty of the price realized, i.e., the stability of the exchange ratio between the money and the a sset. In the business world, there was the high corporate demand for liquidity and firms in the real, financial and industrial sectors managed its liquidity needs in the numerous ways in order to carry out further production and investment plans efficiently without being stopped by impermanent liquidity deficiencies. The firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decisions regarding the future ability to avail financial funds was affected by several key factors such as the capital structure set deadlines for settling the amounts to investors, corporations did not invest all of its resources in the most profitable, long term projects and in fact they also invested funds in less profitable liquid assets, the corporations engaged in the risk management and derivatives were used to evade the particular risks (such as rate risk, exchange rate risk, etc.), and lastly, international risk burden was also measured by the companies. (Holmstrom and Tirole, 2000) 1.2 Problem Statement In the corporate finance, the liquidity was considered to be one of the most important issues. The main objective behind the study of the corporate liquidity was that this was the most important issue for the present firms to either invest in the more liquid assets or to invest in the less liquid assets. Furthermore, investment in liquid assets was prompted by several other factors such as the future investment opportunities and future uncertain cash flows and the external costly financing. Contrastingly, the investment in less liquid assets attracted the corporations because of the high rate of return of such investments. The purpose of the study was to notice whether the financial factors explained in detail by Kim and David and Ann (1998), and John (1993), present the detail regarding the choice of the firm to invest in liquid or non liquid assets in Pakistan. The scope of study was to analyze the distinctive financial factors which affected the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decisi ons to place their funds in more liquid assets and on the basis of firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial factors, the research study determined the choice of investing in liquid assets or the choice of having internal liquidity. 1.3 Hypotheses A central query in front of firms which needed new finance to invest in operational activities was whether to use internal funds generated through the most liquid assets or to raise the costly external financing. Various factors impacted the decision regarding the decision to invest in liquid assets (liquidity). The firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristics had the great importance in selection of the investment decisions; these characteristics were firm size, operating income to sales ratio, operating income to total assets ratio, market to book ratio, inventory plus gross fixed assets to total assets ratio, log natural of annual sales, total debt ratio, and long term debt ratio. Many authors as Kim and David and Ann (1998), John (1993) discussed these characteristics in research. The hypothesized relationship of these listed factors with liquidity is provided below: H1: There is negative impact of Firm Size on Liquidity. H2: There is negative impact of Total Debt Ratio on Liq uidity. H3: There is negative impact of Long-Term Debt Ratio on Liquidity. H4: There is positive impact of the ratio of the Market to Book Value of Equity on Liquidity. H5: There is positive impact of the ratio of Operating Income to Sales on Liquidity. H6: There is negative impact of the Operating Income to Total Assets ratio on Liquidity. H7: There is negative impact of the ratio of Inventory plus Gross fixed assets to Total Assets on Liquidity. H8: There is positive impact of sales of firms on liquidity. 1.4 Outline of the Study The research structured as follows. Chapter one was based on the introduction of the thesis, which consists of the some introduction of the liquidity by different authors, the statement of problem, scope and objectives, hypothesis etc. Chapter two consisted of literature review given by different authors, theories on liquidity and factors affecting the choice of decision to invest in more liquid assets or not. Chapter three described methodology which is composed of justification of the selection of the variables utilized in analysis sample, the data, technique and hypothesis, also estimate model utilized in analysis. In chapter four, analyses of the results were there which were taken after the data processing. Chapter five contained the final results, conclusions and recommendations. References were included in chapter number six. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW When a firm wanted to invest in a project or production facilities, there was a question before the firm that it should use its own funds or retained earnings or raise an external financing. The firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s answer to this question did not affect the wealth of security holders in the world of Miller and Modigliani (1961) where the capital markets were perfect. However, among other things, the capital market perfection means the absence of liquidity problems. Resultantly, all assets can be exchanged for cash and vice versa and that exchange was made at the market value and it does not entail a loss. (Huberman, 1984) The real markets were not quite perfect and one can see a variety of reasons about it. Consider the example of firms wishing to finance new projects by issuing claims on the projects. If the firms knew more about the projects than the outside world knew and the claims were considered risky, a market collapse may take place (Ackerlof, 1970). If the firms bel ieved their projects were good, will perceive that their claims were undervalued by the market and will not issue such claims and only the projects of pessimistic firms will be financed (Huberman, 1984). Finally, it was the best option that a firm used its own liquid assets to invest quickly without going to the capital market under certain circumstances. Hence, it was the most desirable that a firm possesses the excess liquid assets in the real world of capital markets imperfection (Huberman, 1984). There was a vast literature available on the liquidity and one of the most prominent theories of liquidity is the Liquidity Preference Hypothesis (LPH). 2.1 Liquidity Preference Hypothesis (LPH): The Liquidity Preference Hypothesis (LPH) gave details that the return on government securities was a monotonically rising function of the time to maturity. That was, restricted on all on hand information, the probable monthly return on a T-bill with one year to maturity should surpass the probable monthly return on a six month T-bill, which should be better than the sure yield on a one month T-bill, and so on. Regardless of the shape of the term structure or any other economic variables contained in the agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information set, the LPH meant this condition. The underlying intuition behind the LPH was that the longer term bonds are riskier; that was, they were more susceptible to the fluctuations or volatility in interest rate than the shorter term bonds and the individuals needed to be compensated for the risk of holding these bonds, hence, the higher predicted yield. (Boudoukh, and Richardson, and Smith, and Whitelaw, 1999) The LPH did not worry about the choi ces investors made between the whole variety of financial assets, on the one hand, and other broad classes of assets, on the other. LPH took as given the choices determining how much wealth was to be invested in financial assets and concerned itself with the distribution of these amounts among cash and substitute financial assets. An issue can be identified here; that is, why should any balances be held in cash, in preference to other financial assets? The author distinguished two possible sources of liquidity preference, while recognizing that they were not mutually exclusive. The first was inelasticity of expectations of future interest rates. The second was insecurity about be future of interest rates. (Tobin, 1958) Tobin (1958) argued liquidity preference as the theory of most advantageous portfolio masterpiece in a two-asset (money, bonds) world in which one asset (money) was riskless in his original paper. The basic conclusion of Tobinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of liquidity preference and portfolio choice rested on the properties entitled to these  µ-à ¡Ã‚ »? curves. According to Lachmann (1937), in current literature there appeared to be present a reasonable amount of conformity among writers that uncertainty had to be looked upon as the foremost determinant of movements in the size of cash balances, i.e., as the main cause of liquidity preference. At more rapidly scrutiny, though, this noticeable agreement came out as to some extent full of twists and turns, because diverse writers gave this word a different meaning. In the following, it was only restricted to the assessment of two examples of monetary theories in both of which the most important role was allocated to uncertainty, and it was found based on the research that in each case the word had a different meaning. After that, the results of the critical assessment of these theories will be used in the best way with the intention to find that meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“uncertainty wh ich will enable the research study to regard it as the cause of liquidity preference. Uncertainty was but one of a lot of grounds of liquidity preference. Possibly the failure of the author to set up a causal association between uncertainty and liquidity preference was due to the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s having used the word uncertainty in too broad and too indefinite a meaning. The endeavor to ascertain a causal association between uncertainty and liquidity preference had up to now driven out to be an absolute failure. Wells (1983) had publicized that want for liquidity was an indispensable economic reaction to the not able to be understood and considerably variegated future which always lied to the front. Liquidity was valued in an indecisive world because it afforded economic units the preference of not entirely host aging their own economic future to the uncertain future of the economy. Its ownership provided businesses and households the elasticity to reorganize their econo mic plans, to redistribute their wealth as the future slowly opens out and becomes the past, as acquaintance was gained with the simple passage of time. In short, this was Keyness (1937) theory of liquidity preference. And from just this explanation it can be simply understood why his hypothesis, as it was remade by subsequent generation of writers, turned out to be detached from Keyness (1937) unambiguous acknowledgment of the central significance of time and uncertainty, of liquidity and liquidity preference. The disconnection came about largely because the fact that our information of the future was unpredictable, indistinguishable, and doubtful demonstrated to be a perception far too short lived to support contemporary quantitative model building research. Keyness concepts were real, but they were necessarily so unclear and imprecise that model builders could not well integrate these phenomena into their analytics. Kaldor (1981, 1982) for instance observed that the stress on liquidity preference as a theory of the demand for money had made an immense contribution to the accomplishment of monetarism. As long as the demand for money could be shown statistically to be less than perfectly elastic and the supply of money to be determined independently enough from the demand, the supply of money was the major determinant of economic activity. This investigation presented here puts emphasis that liquidity preference was a theory of the desire to hold short- versus long-term assets and that the state of liquidity preference was presided over primarily by the productivity of business. (Mott, 1985-1986) According to the Keynesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liquidity preference theory, the authorities achieved their objectives, which the author understood to be set with respect to the level of the interest rate, against the background of liquidity preference. The interest rate was changed not only by varying the rate at which the central bank was all set to discount (Bank rate), but also by open market operations: sale or purchase of securities between the central bank and the other market members. According to Reilly and Brown (2005), the theory of Liquidity Preference hold that the higher returns must be given on the long term investments than the shorter ones because some of the yields and returns to invest in the short term investments were given up by the investors in order to avoid the greater price fluctuations of the securities having longer life. Another way to interpret the liquidity preference hypothesis was to say that lenders preferred short term loans, and, to induce them to lend long term, it was necessary to offer higher yields. The liquidity preference theory was also called the Term Premium Theory and it asserted that uncertainty and volatility caused investors to favor short term issues over bonds with longer maturities because short term securities were less volatile and can easily be converted into predictable amounts of cash should unforeseen events occur. This theory argued that the yield curve generally sloped upward and that any other shape should be viewed as a temporary deviation. To see how the liquidity preference theory predicted the future yields and how it compensated with the pure expectations hypothesis, to predict future long term rates from a single set of one year rates: 6 percent, 7.5 percent, and 8.5 percent. The liquidity preference theory suggested that investors added increasing liquidity premiums to the successive rates to derive actual market rates. As an example, investors might arrive at rates of 6.3 percent, 7.9 percent, and 9.0 percent. As a matter of the historical fact, the yield curve showed an upward bias, which implied that some combination of the liquidity preference theory and expectations theory will more accurately explain the shape of the yield curve than either of them alone. Specifically, actual long term rates consistently tended to be above what was envisioned fr om the price expectations hypothesis. This tendency implied the existence of a liquidity premium. The liquidity premium was provided to compensate the long term investor. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection Data was collected from Karachi Stock Exchange KSE 100 Index as given by State Bank of Pakistan in publication Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Companies Listed on the KSE (2003-2008). The period of study covered six years, 2003-08. The opted sample size of 70 non financial firms was taken from KSE 100 Index and all of the non financial firms listed on KSE 100 Index were selected for the samples which were either manufacturing firms or service providing firms excluding the financial firms. The objective behind the exclusion of the financial firms from the sample was that liquidity impact of the financial firms and non financial firms was entirely different. 3.2 Sample Size A sample of 70 non financial firms from KSE 100 Index was taken. Only firms were used in the samples which were only the non financial firms which included the industrial firms and service providing firms listed on the KSE 100 Index form 2003-2008. The impact of the different financial factors on the liquidity was analyzed on all of the non financial firms selected as the sample. 3.3 Research Model Developed There were various financial factors of the non financial firms which affected the liquidity of the firms. This research study analyzed the impact of different factors on the liquidity. The factors, their relation with the liquidity, their measurement formula and the hypothesized relationship with liquidity were discussed below following the discussion after à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Liquidityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 3.3.1 Liquidity According to Horne and Bowers (1968), Liquidity can be expressed as the ability to realize value in an accepted means of exchange. Being the acceptable means of exchange, money was the most liquid asset and is also a benchmark against which the value of other type of monetary assets was compared as to its degree of replacement. In addition, liquidity has two dimensions: the one was the time required to convert the asset into money, and the other was the certainty of the price realized, i.e., the stability of the exchange ratio between the money and the asset. Kim and David and Ann (1998), and John (1993) both measured the liquidity as the ratio of cash and marketable securities to total assets. 3.3.2 Firm Size and Liquidity Recent research showed that small firms were more likely to face borrowing constraints than large firms Gertler and Hubbard (1988), Whited (1992), and Fazzari and Petersen (1993). In addition, Barclay and Smith (1996) argued that the cost of external financing was smaller for larger firms because of scale economies resulting from a substantial fixed cost component of security issuance costs. H1: There is negative impact of firm size on liquidity. 3.3.3 Total Debt Ratio and Liquidity The firms debt ratio was expected to be negatively related to liquid assets. There were at least two reasonable reasons. Baskin (1987) argued that as the firms debt ratio increased, the cost of funds used to invest in liquidity increased thereby reducing funded liquidity. Additionally, John (1993) argued that firms with access to debt markets-as proxied by the debt ratio-can use borrowing as a substitute for maintaining a stock of liquid assets. Firms with ready access to debt markets and other sources of borrowing can also use debt as a substitute for liquidity maintenance. H2: There is negative impact of total debt ratio on liquidity. 3.3.4 Long Term Debt Ratio and Liquidity Baskin (1987) argued that as the firms long term debt ratio increased, the cost of funds used to invest in liquidity increased thereby reducing funded liquidity. Additionally, John (1993) argued that firms with access to debt markets-as proxied by the long term debt ratio-can use borrowing as a substitute for maintaining a stock of liquid assets. Firms with ready access to debt markets and other sources of borrowing can also use debt as a substitute for liquidity maintenance. H3: There is negative impact of long term debt ratio on liquidity. 3.3.5 Operating Income to Total Assets and Sales Ratio and Liquidity According to John (1993), similarly, operating incomes or cash flows provided a ready source of liquidity. Firms with ready access to debt markets and other sources of borrowing can also use debt as a substitute for liquidity maintenance. Therefore, firms with good operating incomes (OI/S or OI/TA) or ready sources of financing (proxied by measures of debt) can afford to keep lower levels of liquidity. Hence, liquidity ratios (LIQR) would be lower for firms with higher operating incomes. H4: There is negative impact of operating income to total assets ratio on liquidity. H5: There is negative impact of operating income to sales ratio on liquidity. 3.3.6 Inventory and Gross Plant and Equipment to Total Assets Ratio and Liquidity Another measure of the liquidity costs of asset restructuring was the collateral value of the assets Shleifer and Vishny (1992). Titman and Wessels (1988) suggested proxies for the collateral value. The ratio of inventory plus gross plant and equipment to total assets (IGP/TA) was positively related to collateral value. The liquidity costs of asset restructuring were negatively related to collateral value. A firm with assets of high collateral value needed only to maintain low levels of liquidity. In other words, the liquidity measures will be decreasing in IGP/TA. H6: There is negative impact of inventory and gross plant and equipment to total assets ratio on liquidity. 3.3.7 Market to Book Ratio and Liquidity Myers (1977) argued that risky debt financing may engender sub- optimal investment incentives when a firms investment opportunity set included growth options. Managers acting on behalf of equity holders may fail to exercise profitable investment options because debt captured a portion of equity holders return in the form of a reduction in the probability of default. The firm can reduce the risk of financial distress and thereby mitigate the incentive to under invest in growth options by maintaining excess liquidity. This view also predicted a positive relation between corporate liquidity and the market-to-book ratio. H7: There is positive impact of market to book ratio on liquidity. 3.3.8 Sales and Liquidity According to John (1993), the variable sale was one of the control variables to account for the level of liquidity justified by transaction and precautionary motives. The variable sales proxy for the transaction needs of the firm. H8: There is positive impact of sales on liquidity. The model developed was a linear model and its specifications are provided below: LIQR = a0 + a1FIRM + a2DEBT + a3LTD + a4LSALES + a5OI/S + a6OI/TA+ a7 IGP/TA+ a8Market to Book Ratio + ц LIQR = the sum of cash and marketable securities divided by total assets FIRM = natural log of the book value of total assets DEBT = the ratio of shorter period plus longer period debt to total assets LTD = the ratio of longer period debt to total assets LSALES = natural log of the annual sales OI/S = the ratio of operating income to sales OI/TA = the ratio of operating income to total sales IGP/TA = the inventory plus gross fixed assets to total assets ratio à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = the error term The proposed relationship of the independent variables on liquidity is summarized in the below table: TABLE 3.1 : Relationship between Independent Variables and Liquidity  Firm Size Debt LTD OI/TA OI/S IGP/TA Market to Book Sales Liquidity negative negative negative negative positive negative positive positive 3.4 Statistical Technique Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) technique was used for this research study to examine the impact of the distinctive financial characteristics of the non financial firms on their liquidity of the selected firms; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the examination of the secondary data. Multiple Regression Analysis technique was used for the purpose of prediction of the decision of the non financial firms to invest in the liquid assets or not. The selected technique was used to study the impact of the different independent variables (financial factors as listed in the previous chapters) on the dependent variable i.e., liquidity. The multiple regression analysis was selected for this study because the multivariate analysis was more suitable than univariate investigation. In such a way; to openly taking into consideration, the interaction between multiple regressing variables, the study included the derivation of the linear regression function. It showed the intensity of the impact on liquidity during year 2003-2008 on the basis of several independent variables. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS The sample of 70 non financial firms from the Karachi Stock Exchange KSE 100 Index was taken; Multiple Regression Analysis (MLR) technique was used for this research study. Researcher examined the distinctive financial characteristics of non financial firms which invest in the more liquid assets. The selected technique was used to study the impact of the different independent variables (financial factors as listed in the previous chapters) on the dependent variable i.e., Liquidity. 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results Initially, the regression technique was applied on the data collected using SPSS. It was obvious from the results that there was the existence of strong multicollinearity among the predictors of the liquidity and this implies that there was strong interrelationship present among the independent variables. Hence, the results generated through SPSS were purely biased. In addition, there was the absence of the normality among the variables. Due to non normality, the results were not providing the true picture of the impact of the different predictors on the study variable. While resolving the problem, it was noticed that the main cause of the multicollinearity among the predictors was due to the two independent variables including firm size and annual sales. So, annual sales variable was removed from the analysis of the impact of different factors on liquidity. Hence, the multicollinearity issue was resolved. In resolving the issue of normality, various transformations were appl ied on the variable in order to normalize the variable so that the results could be more reliable; and accurate outlook of the true picture of liquidity can be made. Ultimately, all the issues were successfully resolved which were creating hindrances in the way of accuracy of results. Now, proceeding with the analysis of the results because the data was normal and there was also no multicollinearity issue in the data. The interpretation and analysis is presented in the next sections of this research study. TABLE 4.1 : Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .724a .524 .439 .06894 Table 4.1 showed the summary regarding the regression model. The R square of 52.4% in the above table showed that the all the predictors of liquidity combined together explained 52.4% variation in the dependent variable and the remaining variation was unexplained or latent predictors were not included in the model. TABLE 4.2 : ANOVA Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression .204 7 .029 6.141 .000a Residual .185 39 .005   Total .390 46    The table 4.2 checked the significance of the linear regression model in such a way that the reliability of the data file regarding the applicability of the regression technique can be understood from the above table; however, ANOVA table was reliable test of checking the linear regression modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to explain any variation in the dependent variable of liquidity. This was perfectly obvious from the sig value of .000 which meant that the linear regression model was highly significant for the data collected for the research study conducted. TABLE 4.3 : Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) .379 .146  2.597 .013   Debt Ratio .053 .450 .018 .119 .906 .515 1.942 Long-Term Debt Ratio .718 .842 .138 .854 .398 .466 2.148 Operating Income to Total Assets Ratio .718 .967 .144 .742 .462 .325 3.072 Square Root of Operating Income to Total Sales Ratio .449 .389 .202 1.154 .255 .397 2.519 Square Root of Inventory plus gross plant and equipment to total assets -.823 .168 -.648 -4.891 .000 .696 1.438 Natural Logarithm of Market to Book ratio .001 .017 .010 .066 .948 .534 1.871 Firm Size .000 .009 .000 -.001 .999 .858 1.166 In the table 4.3, the final model of regression included only one independent variable which was square root of inventory plus gross fixed assets to total assets ratio. This was included in the model because this was the only variable which was highly significant in playing a vital role in explaining the variation in the dependent variable of liquidity ratio. In short, these results were not consistent with the results of Kim and David and Ann (1998), and John (1993). The other independent variables were not significant in explaining the variation in the dependent variable of liquidity ratio because firstly, the economic and the financial environment was different; secondly, the behavior of the non financial firms was not same as that of the foreign firms in regard of liquidity; and lastly, the decisions of the firms regarding the portion of their investments in liquidity were affected by the political situation and the security threats of Pakistan. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary The hypothesis of the study was distinctive financial factors had significant impact on the non financial firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision to invest in more liquid assets. These financial characteristics were market to book ratio, inventory plus gross fixed assets to total assets ratio, operating income to sales ratio, firm size, operating income to total assets ratio, total debt ratio, long term debt ratio, and natural log of sales. In this study each of the financial characteristic of non financial firms was tested and concluded the results. TABLE 4.4 : Hypotheses Assessment Summary S.NO. Hypotheses ÃŽÂ ² t SIG. RESULT H1 There is negative impact of Total Debt Ratio on Liquidity. 0.053 0.119 0.906 Rejected H2 There is negative impact of Long-Term Debt Ratio on Liquidity. 0.718 0.742 0.398 Rejected H3 There is positive impact of the market to book ratio on Liquidity. 0.001 0.66 0.948 Rejected H4 There is positive impact of the ratio of Operating Income to Sales on Liquidity. 0.449 1.154 0.255 Rejected H5 There is negative impact of the Operating Income to Total Assets ratio on Liquidity. 0.718 0.742 0.462 Rejected H6 There is negative impact of the ratio of Inventory plus Gross fixed assets to Total Assets on Liquidity. -0.823 -4.891 0.000 Accepted H7 There is positive impact of firm size on liquidity. 0 -0.001 0.999 Rejected H8 There is positive impact of sales on liquidity. Rejected CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion It was concluded based on the results of this research study that inventory plus gross plant and equipment ratio was only the independent variable which was showing significance in Pakistani market. And the remaining independent variables could not explain the variation in liquidity. These results were not matching with the study conducted by Kim and David and Ann (1998), and John (1993). These results were varying because in various countries, the macroeconomic conditions and the financial environment were entirely different from each other and in addition, the security problems and political situation also affected the liquidity and firms made decision accordingly. 5.2 Discussions Firm size could not play a significant role in defining the liquidity in this research thesis and this was also the case with the research study conducted by Kim and David and Ann (1998) because in their study the firm size was not playing a significant role. The variation in the liquidity was not explained by the market to book ratio while it was significant in the study done by Kim and David and Ann (1998). The operating income to sales ratio, operating income to total assets ratio, debt ratio, long term debt ratio, and sales were not significantly explaining the variation in the liquidity and study analyzed by John (1993) provided different results from that of the results concluded by this research thesis. 5.3 Implications and Recommendations This research was limited to the various firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan only. The data taken from 70 non financial firms which were took through various sectors of the KSE 100 Index for the year 2003-08. It suggested that such type of study should be carried out in other countries of Asia as well, as to have comprehensive idea about the choices of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision to invest in liquid assets. Moreover, it also suggested that other factors except ones examined in this study should be researched as to have perfect idea about the selection of liquidity decisions. Besides that, this study can also be replicated in other developing countries. 5.4 Future Research This study helped various investors, management and other research conductors in analyzing and observing the behavior of firms regarding their decisions to invest in liquid assets. Research students who want to work further on liquidity can be benefited by this research study. Further more, the non financial firms will become advantageous from this study because the study clarified the distinctive characteristics of different firms which significantly explained the variations in the liquidity.